First Towns Part.II

Skara Brae:  A Stone Age cooperative

                                                                                       Sakara Brae in the islands of Orkney off Scotland was a tight knit village. Paved alleyways ran between its dry stone huts, each of which had a single room with a central hearth and stone furniture.  Contemporary communities in the Mediterranean were building more substantial settlements, such as the village of Los Milares in Spain and the Greek town of Lerna.

Mohenjo-Doro: City of Indus

                                                                                        Mohenjo-Doro in southern Pakistan dates from before 2600 BC, and was one of the earliest settlements to be laid out according to the principles of town planning. A grid of wide streets was intersected at right angles by narrower lanes. Houses were spacious; they had their own wells and many home comforts, including bathrooms. The facades overlooking the streets had no windows, and the only access to the houses was through the narrow alleys. The city also had a main drainage system.

Dura Europos: a Greek city on the banks of the Euphrates

                                                                                       Not every culture developed urban civilization by its own devices. The cities founded by Alexander the Great and his successors in areas such as Ai Khanoum in Afghanistan introduced the Greek way of life to new regions. Dura Europos on the Euphrates in Syria, founded about 300BC, is an example of a “planted” Hellenistic town. Its grid plan streets centered on an agora, or Greek market place. It became a caravan city under the Parthians from 100 BC. When the Romans took over in Ad 165, they converted many of the houses into barracks and added Roman structures such as a bath house.

The First Towns

The advent of agriculture led to dependable food supplies and the first permanent settlements. In the 3^rd millennium BC, communities set aside areas for administration, craftwork, and worship, and the city took shape. The map below shows some of the most important early settlements

Cliff Palace: Long before the Spanish conquistadores arrived some Latin American communities were living in urban settlements known as pueblos. Cliff palace at Mesa Verde in Colorado is among the most remarkable, sheltered by a vast natural cavity in a cliff. The settlement – a complex of dwellings stacked together on a succession of terraces- flourished between AD 1150 and 1300. Scattered among the houses were several Kivas – circular buildings used for worship.

Nippur:  A cuneiform tablet dating back to the 13^th century BC provides the world’s earliest known city map. From it, archaeologists have been able to identify parts of the great Sumerian metropolis of Nippur, founded in about 5000BC. On the left are the waters of the Euphrates. Inside a double line of ramparts is the Kirishauru, a garden which adjoined an enclosure. A canal ran through the city centre, and to the right of this was the E-kur, a shrine dedicated to Enlil, patron god of Nippur and head of the Sumerian pantheon. This association gave the city supreme religious status throughout Mesopotamia.

Jericho:   A spring attracted some of the world’s earliest farmers to settle at Jericho about 9000 BC. They built circular houses of mud brick (the earliest structures know in this building material), and by 8500BC Jericho may have housed as many as 1500 people. A massive stone wall surrounded the settlement a unique feature at the time of its construction, which was intended to provide defense aginst invaders, animals, or floods, or as a sign of prestige. Apart from occasional periods of abandonment, the site would remain a major settlement for a further 8000 years.