Amazing Eyes !!!!!!!

Sight- the ability to see- is most important of our five senses. It gives us the most information about the world around us. The eyes are organs for our sense of sight. They let in light and form image of the scene before us and send the message to the brain to translate this view into a picture.

Most familiar animals such as dogs cats and horses have eyes like ours. But the eyes of some creatures are totally different. Simple animals like flatworms have eyes without lenses, consisting of hollows lined with light sensitive cells. Insects have highly complicated eyes containing literally thousands of lenses each of which forms a separate Image. The complicated eye is called a compound eye, because it is a combination of very many different elements called ommatidia, each one is effectively a tiny separate eye. It has a lens at the top and light sensitive cells lower down, Together the lens form the outer surface of the eye.

Like most insects the bee has two of these compound eyes one on each side of its head. They give it all sound vision. Each eye is made up of about 5000 lenses but the image produced by these lenses is not very sharp. The compound eyes are most useful for detecting movement.

The eyes of more advance animals, such as mammals produce sharply formed images like our own eyes do. But there are differences for example Horses do not have round pupils like ours instead horizontal ones. Cats are creatures of the night, and their eyes are well adapted for seeing in the dark. Behind the retina cats have layer called the tapetum .Cats eyes shine in the dark because the tapetum reflects back any light that passes through the retina.

The eyes of many nocturnal creatures have a tapetum to improve their night vision. Others have large eyes with particularly big pupils which can let maximum amount of light. Owls have eyes like this.

Scientist with no education??!!

“What can a man without even primary education, contribute to the field of Science?” Our answer to this question may be “No! Nothing” But we are wrong. Such a man also contributes much if he has the will and the determination.

The best example is Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, the Dutch biologist and microscopist of seventeenth century microscopist. As his family very poor he could not complete his primary education. His father a basket maker died when young Leeuwenhoek was only sixteen and the youngster became a clerk in dry goods stores in Amsterdam. Then he opened a drapery shop in his home town Delft. Then he joined as a sinecure doorkeeper at the Delft city hall, a position he held rest of his life.

As he had much leisure time and he lived only for his hobby, grinding lenses. In his life time he ground a total of 419 lenses. Many of these lenses were focused on some permanently mounted objects and though some of which no man other than him self looked. Leeuwenhoek worked alone with his lenses. He had a passion for looking closely at small. He looked at every thing from tooth scrapings to ditch water. He studied in detail the development of tiny insects and he found parasites living on fleas which no body had noticed and reported till then.

Leeuwenhoek noticed certain tiny moving objects through his microscope and he under stood they are micro organisms and he named them as animalcules. Thus he be became the first to discover the one called animals now called Protozoa.

He was the first to describe Spermatozoa. He wrote voluminously to the Royal Society in Dutch. In all he sent 375 communications about his discoveries but the society did not gave importance to his findings.

Robert Hook built a microscope according to Leeuwenhoek’s specification and he conformed the observations of Leeuwenhoek. Leeuwenhoek found a new tiny structure which was later named as bacteria. No one else was to see bacteria again for over a century.

Hence his life history is an eye opener to all those aspiring success in life.

Do you know about Gilgamesh the world first Epic??!!

Gilgamesh was an ancient Mesopotamian hero who was the first in the world literature searched for immortality. Is there any chance that he was really lived?

Epic of Gilgamesh is the first epic text in the world. It is very much older than the great Ariyan epic, The Mahabharata or Homer’s Illiad. The first original version of Gilgamesh was written by the Sumerians in the second millennium before Christ. There are so many versions of Gilgamesh appeared and uncountable fragments of this epic were found through out the Middle East.

Fortunately the most complete part of this epic was found in the excavation site Nineveh. Nineveh is the site for famous library of King Assurbanipal, who is the most famous Assyrian King.

This legend was that of Seventh century and was written in 12 clay tablets. This version also contains the story of great flood or other wise Babylonian version of biblical flood. The Sumerian temples have the relief carvings of the heroic deeds of Gilgamesh. Hence the hero of the epic was not just a legend as it appeared, but he has lived around 2700BC. He was ruled over a city of Uruk in Mesopotamia as a powerful king. He may be a most famous ruler by that time. He built beautiful temples and strong city walls. The remains and the traces of those are still being seen today. We are not clear whether his great deed and good deeds made him immortal or his buildings.

Hero of this epic Gilgamesh was a tyrannical ruler and his people groan under the cost of his many wars. In order to get rid of their king they made him to wage a direct one to one fight with Enkidu. Enkidu was a creature, half man and half savage created by the gods of Uruk. Enkidu was a right opponent of Gilgamesh.

Only one combat was take place that too was end in draw. But they both became thick friends. Their combination enabled them to perform great deeds. They together killed the giant Humbala, who was the guardian of the cedar forest of Lebanon and they also killed the Skybull. Since he refused the love of Goddess Ishtar, the goddess ordered him to kill the bull.

All these enraged the gods and they decided to separate the friends by letting Enkidu die of an illness. When Gilgamesh saw his friends corpse he was broken down went down in search of eternal life. His search leads him to the other side of the water of death. There he met a man named Utanpishtim a very wise old man. He was granted immortality by gods because he was the only survivor of the great flood.

Utanpishtim advised him not to sleep for seven days and seven nights which was the basic preparation for the immortality but he failed that. Utanpishtim took pity on him and showed him the plant of external life but that too was stolen by a snake and he was remained mortal and reigned his kingdom for 126 years.

The Epic of Gilgamesh enjoys the wide spread inters through out the world only because it seeks to address mankind’s most important unsolved questions: The human relation ship with good, the power of friend ship, love, death, war, pride, and even the meaning of human life. Because Gilgamesh tried to answer all these external question, He is immortal in legends.

The unknown mystery about black hole!!!!!!!

What are black holes? You just imagine a void of very very small in size which is enormously dense which engulf the objects which comes with in its surroundings. Here a simple explanation for a black hole. Black hole is a star which collapsed under its own mass few times and it becomes more compact every time. Because of its enormously high density this endless chasm sucks everything with in its vicinity and absolutely nothing can escape from its attraction.

The name 'BLACK HOLE' was coined by John Weeler, a famous astrophysicist of American origin. While deriving the theory of relativity Albert Einstein told about the black holes but none of the scientist thought about it.

While we are discussing about a black hole, we are fully against the Newton's force of attraction between two objects.

For your convenience let me explain to you with sun as an example. If our sun has to be changed to be a black hole the following things has to be take place. First the diameter of the sun has to be compressed to make it a ball of one kilometer radius (now the diameter of Sun is 1392000Km) while doing so its density will be increased and hence it’s mass will be equal to 1000000000000000000000000000000 Kg. Similarly if you convert earth in to a black hole it will be a ball of 1cm radius and of mass 10 power 25Kg( 1 followed by twenty five zeros) Now the earth's diameter of earth is 12756Km.
Now I hope you have a brief outline about a black hole. Now let’s go through the general process of creation of black hole.

Stars are of huge balls of gases mostly Hydrogen. Their energy is derived from nuclear fusion of Hydrogen into Helium (Nuclear fusion is a clear source of energy occurs in very high temperature and pressure). Once the stars weight and the energy produced balances each other then they will be stable. They will not collapse as long as the energy production takes place the will be stars. But once the energy production reduced due to lack of fuels the stars implodes in on itself simultaneously its radius also reduce. After few collapses their radius reduced to a greater extent and becomes a black hole.

Here the problem for astrophysicist is discovering black hole in the universe. Since they are not visible we can not find them as visible object. But they can be finding out by using a different phenomenon of binary stars.

Binary stars are the two stars rotation around each other. If one star become a black hole the other will tumble down and will be absorbed, while it is absorbed there is a disc of dust called accretion disc form around the hole. The very hot matter inside the black hole is extremely accelerated and hence releases strong radio waves. Using these radio waves we can find the black hole. The velocity of disc rotation is directly proportional to the mass of the black hole.

According the scientists the galaxies rotate like a centrifuge. The total mass of the stars and other objects at the centre holds the stars in the outer edges hold them in place. Hence we can arrive at this following conclusion that the mass of all matter of stars is not sufficient to hold the very distant stars therefore some invisible gigantic black holes at the centre are exert force on the stars at the outer

Here a point to note: The time stops inside a black hole which is a unique and very important point in the space and time relationship.

The riddles behind the Shroud of Jesus!!!!????!!!!

For the last few centuries the traditional Christians believed a 4.34meters long and 1.09 meters wide ancient linen piece of shroud or a burial cloth wrapped around the body was that of Jesus while he was lay down from the cross. This shroud has a faint out line of a crucified man. This facial features in this shroud was the inspirations for the image of Christ, that too be Jesus as a beard man.

This priceless shroud was preserved in the cathedral of Turin which is in North Italy. If the shroud of Turin is the real shroud that wrapped around Jesus that too it bears the features of the saviour then it really a priceless relic of Christianity, and it should be most carefully preserved and guarded. Though in 1997 a fire broke out in the cathedral that shroud was undamaged. Since then it has been stored at a unknown place.

As usual a big question arise, whether it is a genuine shroud or not? To find out the real fact the scientists have used a latest technology. The shroud has been subjected to X- Ray, Chemical analysis,microscopic analysis,infra red photography, ultra violet and radio carbon dating.

The relic owner the noble family once ruled part of Italy handed over it to Vatican in 1983. after five years the Vatican gave permission to British Museum experts to examine the shroud. The tests were conducted in the laboratories in Arizona,Tuscon, Zurich and Oxford. They finally concluded it was of 14Th century and it was not that of Jesus.

How ever the scientist of the remaining world contradicted and question the creditability of the findings. In 1989 and 1993 scientists conferences were conducted, the scientists carefully analysed the laboratory result but they came out with different conclusions.

A Russian scientist tried to prove it was younger and it was permeated with soot from fire. Some scientists considered the dating was incorrect the Patina was of fungal and bacteria. but the findings gives you following certainties.
The image was was not painted and it is indelible.
The blood stains indicates the body was wrapped some two and half an hour after death.
The blood reveals the body is that of a male.
The blood group was AB
The body had covered with this shroud more than 36 hours.

Only question unanswered is how the image is negative rather than positive?


It is here to worth mention that the image is hard to recognise in original while a negative clearly. shows The body, The limbs and The face more clearly. But any way it is a remarkable preservation!!!!!!!!!!!

The Mysteries behind Queen of Sheba!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

The King Solomon answered all the questions raised by the Queen of Sheba but a little is known about this Arabian queen. In reality we don't know what was her real name, and whether she ever lived ? There were so many tales and stories figured in middle east and Africa.

In Bible she was mentioned as queen of Sheba but was not her name. In Arabian and Persian tales and also in Quran her name was Bilqis. According to Bible's old testment (Book of Kings) The queen of Sheba heared about the great wisdom of King Solomon and gone to Jerusalem to test his knowledge but there is no description about her riddle questions.
I wish to mention few of the riddles raised by her to King Solomon. The queen showed Solomon two identical roses and asked him to find the real rose. The wise ruler then with the help of the honey bees found the right flower.
She raised another riddle in that she asked to tell her what it was , ere seven go out , nine come in, two mix the drink and one drinks? The king answered correctly that this was mensturation which last for seven days pergnancy last for nine months, the motheres two breasts and the one infant nursed by her respectively.

Now we certainly know that Yemen that situated in the south eastern corner of Arabian peninsula was her kingdom. Then what was the reason behind her to2000 KM strenuous journey to Jerusalem? Was it out of simple curiosity about the wisdom of the foreign ruler? Really there were so many substantial reasons behind her travel.

The king Solomon control of middle eastern trade endangered Sheba's lucrative trade of incense and Myrrh. According to Bible Queen Sheba's visit was successful in this regard. They entered in to an trade agreement. For that sake She gave him precious stones, perfumes,fragrance oils and 120 hundred weight of gold.

While the old testment speaks out their mutual respect and esteem. Kebra ngast (Glory of King) an Ethiopian nation's epic written in 14th century tell as the love affair between Solomon and Queen Sheba!? It tells you more, Menelik the first king of Ethiopia was their son. But Jews legends tell us a different story and they describe her as evil demon,

Is he a fortune teller or a swindler???!!!

Some thought he is a fortune teller some thought he was a swindler some thought he is a astrologer.He was patron ed by the Kings and Royals, But how is a person knows the future is a mystery,Despite their popularity mystery still surrounded the sayings of Nostradamus.

Without no doubt Michel De Notre Dame popularly known as his Latin name of Nostradamus is still fascinates many people.He is a descendant of a Jewish family but later followed a catholic faith.He completed his studies in Avignon and Mont pellier and he became a physician.

He helped the people of France to control the epidemic disease and hence he had awarded titles The professor and The doctor.He developed a new concept of hygiene to fight against the out break of Plague in Lyon.

Later his interest turned towards writing and publishing cooking recipes, about perfumes and make ups. Then his interest and attention turned towards ocult science and astrology. He published an almanac with weather forecast.

In 1555 he published his first three of his "CENTURIES" which contained descriptions of Mystic vision. When he completed his Centuries it contained about nine hundred predictions in
in sections of hundred verses each. Soon he enjoyed the reputations for prophesying the future. Though his prophesies were popular few of his prophesy gone wrong.

For example he predicted Charles IX would have a long life however he died at the age of 24. Then He prophesied that Valois family would attain great er wealth but this was never fulfilled.

Contrary to this he foretold many historical events like Great London fire in the year 1666,1789 French revolution and the World war II

He predicted the death of Henry II in 1559. Here the verse follows:

"The young lion will overcome the
Older one.
In single combat in an arena
In a golden cage, he shall put
out his eyes
Two wounded in one,and he shall
die a horrible death."


Nostradamus writings were prohibited by the Vatican in the year 1781. One of his prophesy is the end of the mankind. Don't be afraid according to him it will happen in 3797. His four line verses have been translated in many languages with different interpretations. Here I wish to share with you the following, Most of his verses contains negative views of natural catastrophes, revolutions murders and wars.